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The Crusading movement was launched by the papacy and its fate remained intertwined with that of the Roman pontiffs. As their role in European politics changed, so too did the movement’s. As Western Europe moved toward the modern world, secular rulers became more independent, and focused more on internal policies.   The scandal of the Avignon papacy and the Great Western Schism in the fourteenth century severely weakened the papacy, which the Protestant Revolution then completel …

According to Catholic social teaching, the purpose of political society is to promote peace. By peace is meant the “tranquility of order,” as St. Augustine called it—that is, the serenity that results from people living in proper relation to one another, acting justly toward one other, and helping the community to thrive.   We call the order of people properly relating to one another social justice and the peace that results civil peace, or peace within a community. …

Having finished a full draft of this work, I began seeing other themes surfacing in the Book of Revelation—elements of war and weapon imagery, especially between the angelic armies and Satan’s. Then I looked through the Psalms and saw the same. Certainly one expects war elements in the Old Testament, as God’s people struggle to free themselves of pagan peoples who conquer and enslave them when they sin and disobey the Law. But what I was not expecting was to see worship associ …

As St. John says, “All wrongdoing is sin, but there is sin which is not mortal” just as “there is sin which is mortal” (1 John 5:16-17). So what sin is mortal and what is not?  A mortal sin is one that “destroys in us the charity without which eternal beatitude is impossible. Unrepented, it brings eternal death” (CCC 1874). That’s what makes it “mortal,” or deadly: it cuts us off from God forever, unless it is “redeemed by repenta …

As we should expect, Mother Teresa’s idea of holiness was simple and direct. For her, sanctity begins with humility and ends with surrender to God’s will.  “You know, I’m only a little pencil in the hand of God, a God who is about to write a love letter to the world,” she was fond of saying.cii Mother understood that the path to holiness lies in following St. John the Baptist’s advice: “He must increase; I must decrease” (John 3:30). She lear …